Kai McKenzie, 23, was surfing near Port Macquarie in New South Wales (NSW) on Tuesday, when a great white shark – reportedly 3m (9.8ft) in size – bit him. He managed to catch a wave into shore, where an off-duty police officer used a makeshift tourniquet to stem his bleeding, according to authorities.

His leg washed up a short time later and was put on ice by locals before being taken to hospital, where a medical team is now assessing surgery options.

Mr McKenzie – who is a sponsored surfer – remains in a serious but stable condition, according to emergency services, who have thanked the off-duty officer for his rapid response to the incident.

“He used the lead off his dog as a tourniquet… and essentially saved his life until the paramedics got there,” said NSW Ambulance’s Kirran Mowbray. She described Mr McKenzie as “calm” and “able to talk” following the attack. “He’s just a really brave and courageous young man,” she added.

Mr McKenzie was rushed to a local hospital shortly after the incident, before being flown to the John Hunter Hospital – which is a major trauma centre – in Newcastle some 200km (124 miles) away. His severed leg also made the long journey.

Hannah Ritchie – BBC News, Sydney

Tourniquets are often depicted in movies and television shows as a go-to solution for severe bleeding. However, the reality of tourniquet use is more nuanced. While they can be lifesaving in specific situations, they are not a one-size-fits-all answer and improper use can lead to serious complications.

What is a Tourniquet?

A tourniquet is a device used to restrict blood flow in a limb. It typically applies pressure between the wound and the heart, effectively stopping blood circulation in the affected area.

 Benefits of Using a Tourniquet:

• Can control life-threatening bleeding: In cases of severe limb trauma with uncontrolled bleeding, a properly applied tourniquet can be lifesaving by stopping blood loss.
• May buy time in remote locations: If immediate medical attention is unavailable, a tourniquet can help control bleeding until the person reaches help.
  

When to Use a Tourniquet:

It’s crucial to remember that a tourniquet should only be used as a last resort for severe bleeding that cannot be controlled with direct pressure and dressings. Here are some specific situations where a tourniquet might be considered:

• Amputation: If a limb has been completely or partially severed.
• Large arterial wounds: Bleeding that soaks bandages quickly and shows signs of spurting blood.
• Situations where direct pressure is impossible: When the location of the wound makes it difficult to apply direct pressure (e.g., groin area).

Video – Applying a Tourniquet

Important Considerations:

• Training is essential: Using a tourniquet incorrectly can cause serious tissue damage and even limb loss. Proper training on application, monitoring, and safe removal is crucial.
• Time is critical: Tourniquets should not be left in place for extended periods. The recommended time limit varies depending on factors like temperature, but generally it’s no longer than 2 hours.
• Seek medical attention immediately: Applying a tourniquet is a temporary measure to control bleeding. Getting the person to medical care as soon as possible is essential.

When NOT to Use a Tourniquet:

• Minor bleeding: Direct pressure and bandages are sufficient for most cuts, scrapes, and minor wounds.
• Burns: Tourniquets can worsen burn injuries.
• Distal extremity bleeding: Bleeding in the hand, fingers, foot, or toes can usually be controlled with direct pressure and elevation.
• Suspected internal bleeding: Tourniquets are not effective for internal bleeding.

The Takeaway:

Tourniquets can be a valuable tool in emergency situations involving severe bleeding. However, they should only be used as a last resort and with proper training.

Here are some additional tips:

• Consider taking a first-aid course that includes tourniquet training.
• Equip yourself with the right tools: Having a high-quality tourniquet in your first-aid kit can be crucial. Visit Rural and Remote First Aid to browse their selection of tourniquets and other essential first-aid supplies.
• In any bleeding emergency, prioritize applying direct pressure and getting the person to medical attention as quickly as possible.

By understanding the proper use and limitations of tourniquets, you can be better prepared to respond to bleeding emergencies and potentially save a life.